The Visual Guide to
Equine Reproduction
Abortion: Noninfectious Causes
Torsion of the Umbilical Cord.
Severe torsion of the umbilical cord in an Arabian mare leading to abortion at 132 days of gestation.
Roberts SJ (1972)
Torsion of the Umbilical Cord.
Severe torsion of the umbilical cord and occlusion of the blood supply lead to death of the fetus and subsequent abortion [size of the square tile 15 cm].
Drost M (1971)